Effects of Globalisation on Indian Society Essay

Indian Society is among the oldest in the world and varied and complex in its heritage. But about 200 years of colonial rule changed its socio-cultural process. India was turned into an appendage of the British empire. British colonial policy transformed its economy, society and polity. The British colonial authority was responsible for the introduction of the modern state in India. They surveyed the land, settled land revenues, created a modern bureaucracy, army, police, instituted law courts and helped in the codification of laws. The colonial administration developed communications, the railways, the postal system, telegraph, roads and the canal system. It introduced English language and took steps for the establishment of universities. The above changes set in motion a number of forces which had long-term and often adverse consequences for the Indian economy and society. These changes were not oriented towards causing balanced development and progress of the Indian society. They only served the imperial interests of the colonial authority. India which had a glorious past, had become one of the poorest countries when it freed itself from colonial bondage. In 1948-49 India’s national income was 86. 5 thousand million rupees. Which meant a per capita income of only 264 (rupees). This was one of the lowest in the world. India had a predominant agrarian economy. 72 percent of its total workforce was dependant upon agriculture. Organised industries accounted for two percent of the workforce. The colonial authority pursued policies which led to pouperisation of the peasants, who had reduced to the position of share-croppers, marginal tenants and landless agricultural labourers. At the dawn of independence India was economically dependant upon advanced countries. Its exports consisted of primary products while its imports consisted of manufactures from industrialised countries. It also showed a marked deficit in the balance of trade. The economy was characterised by a pronounced economic dualism. The economic structure was also intricately related to a society having features which seriously affected the growth and operation of new institutions. The country was typically characterised by a class structure in which power was highly concentrated in a small elite. This included, on the one hand, classes whose power was associated with the traditional sector and, on the other, newer classes whose power was associated with the growth of the modern sector. Their combined membership was very small in comparison to the mass of small cultivators, landless agricultural labourers, unskilled workers and unemployed or underemployed. Between the elite at the top and the masses at the bottom, there was a very small middle class consisting of pet businessmen, semi-skilled blue-collar workers and small property owners. These peculiarities had a bearing upon a new nation resharing itself in a post-colonial world. Further, social interactions in India were based on considerations of race, religion caste, community, language and region. After independence India experienced a politics of scarcity on account of the above factors. Political independence raised expectations of the masses. The nationalist elite, who had played in a key role in the freedom struggle, became the new power-elite They and their socio-cultural background set the goals of the new dispensation. Apart from economic development and social transformation achieving economic and political self-reliance was a new goal of the independent Indian state. The goal of integration of the country was also important to the ruling elite. Independent India adopted the Westminister model for sharing its political institutions. The parliamentary form of government with a federal state structure was the only alternative before the constitution-making forum. The modern elite wanted to reconstruct the social structure on modern foundations of law, individual merit and secular education. They therefore, favoured a transition from traditional rural economy to one based on scientifically planned industry and agriculture. To achieve this objective Community Development project and Five-year Plans were introduced. India thus became a welfare state. The objective of the Indian State being to correct the distorted nature of the economy and society, which had been its colonial inhavitance, the newly goals were : self-sustained growth, high rate of growth, equality, equity and justice and state and nation-building.

International Cooperation Essay

The paper â€Å"International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs, by Charles Lipson, published in the October 1984 issue of â€Å"World Politics† focuses on analyzing the different forms of strategic interaction that address issues pertaining to international cooperation in economic and security affairs. It analyzes the use of the Prisoner’s Dilemma theory to help clarify some basic features of international conflict and cooperation as well as some objections for its usage as a model of international interaction. It also discusses factors that affect the relationship between superpowers, the hegemonic system, the effect of recessions, the evolution of cooperation as well as detailed account of sustained economic cooperation among developed nations. The Prisoner’s Dilemma theory demonstrates both the possible benefits from cooperation and the factors that hinder it. The study of international political economy must address how relationships are corrected to make cooperation of exchange sensibly secure. The author emphasizes the main issue in international relations theory, which is the emergence and maintenance of cooperation among sovereign, self-interest states, performing in the absence of centralized authority. Every nation must readily commit to comply with economic agreements in order to facilitate trust and eliminate the risks of cooperating. Strategic cooperation is important in encouraging the creation of rules, norms, and political institutions in the international economy and in security affairs. It is also important to understand the pattern of rule construction in international cooperation.

Leadership For Improved Institutional Performance Education Essay

You are the leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way. The board believes that the establishment is missing a clear vision. Pulling upon what you have learned at Argosy University about human motive and the psychological foundations of instruction, what stairss would you urge to the president of the establishment, which, if followed, would take to the â€Å" vision † that is therefore far missing? In your response, anticipate troubles that may originate, and how would you turn to them. Introduction-Background Uncluttering the Vision As a leader at a post-secondary establishment of higher acquisition ( IHE ) whose regulating board has become critical of the school ‘s way, one should piece an institutional site based direction squad ( SBM ) . Site based direction is a consensus-driven acquisition environment that is linked to decentalisation and driven by the school betterment squad. Greater control over determinations sing budget, forces, and course of study focal points on the followers: pupil public presentation, instruction and acquisition, needs appraisal, answerability, professional development, reappraisal, and rating. The site based direction squad is representative of the full school community. Through the engagement of decision makers, teachers/staff, parents, community spouses, and pupils in the decision-making procedure, more effectual acquisition environments are created. Each stakeholder is a critical instrument to its ‘ success. Successful school betterment requires set uping a clear educational vision and a shared institutional mission, cognizing how good the school accomplished that mission, placing countries for betterment, developing programs to alter educational activities and plans, and implementing those programs or new plans efficaciously. Therefore, it is indispensable that the site based direction squad leaders set up a stronger nexus to others in the school and Ministry of Education. In making so, they should link the establishments ends to the broader and deeper mission of supplying higher acquisition for all pupils. As leaders in this attempt to better the vision of the establishment, the assembled site based direction squad should besides see strat ification such as the benefit of plan planning to all pupils instead than some in development and execution of alteration enterprises, inquiring whether a proposed plan will better entree to higher-order acquisition undertakings for marginalized pupils. For school betterment attempts to be successful instructors, parents, community, concern spouses, decision makers, and pupils must portion leading maps. Likewise, the Principal ‘s function must alter from that of a top-down supervisor to that of a facilitator, designer, steward, instructional leader, manager, and strategic instructor ( Senge, 1990 ) . Pull offing school alteration and betterment is one of the most complex undertakings of school leading. Fullan ( 1993 ) , Sparks ( 1993 ) , and other research workers of school leading point out that school leaders need to understand the alteration procedure in order to take, manage, and better attempts of alteration efficaciously. They must larn to get the better of barriers and header with the pandemonium that of course exists during the complex procedure of alteration ( Fullan and Miles, 1992 ) . Administrators and other cardinal school leaders help instructors and other stakeholders build effectual squads by developing new organisational constructions and a created shared vision that focuses on reliable pupil acquisition ( Maeroff, 1993 ) ; ( Newmann, 1993 ) . Such divine and informed leading would be critical to the success of schools. Leading successful alteration and betterment involve developing and pull offing six critical constituents of schooling: ( a ) a clear, strong, and jointly held educational vision and institutional mission ; ( B ) a strong, committed professional community within the school ; ( degree Celsius ) larning environments that promote higher criterions for pupil accomplishment ; ( vitamin D ) sustained professional development to better acquisition ; ( vitamin E ) successful partnerships with parents, wellness and human service bureaus, concerns, universities, and other community organisations ; and ( degree Fahrenheit ) a systematic planning and execution procedure for establishing needed alterations. Louis and Miles ( 1990 ) drew on several instance surveies of urban high schools. The writers emphasized the importance of planning: â€Å" Significant alteration plans do non run themselves. They need active orchestration and coordination ( P. 14 ) . † Human Motivation and Psychological Foundations Maslow ‘s great penetration was to put self-actualization into a hierarchy of human motive. Harmonizing to Maslow ( 1954 ) , self-actualization is the highest thrust, but before this can go on must fulfill other, lower motives like hungriness, safety and belonging. The hierarchy has five degrees: ( a ) physiological ( hungriness, thirst, shelter, and sex. ) ; ( B ) safety ( security, protection from physical and emotional injury ) ; ( degree Celsius ) societal ( fondness, belonging, credence, friendly relationship ) ; ( vitamin D ) regard ( besides called self-importance ) which combines the internal facets of ego regard, liberty, and accomplishment, and the external factors of position, acknowledgment, attending ; ( vitamin E ) Self realization ( taking action ) . Maslow ( 1954 ) pointed out that the procedure of self-actualization is dynamic ; the dominant demand is ever switching. For illustration, a sexual spouse may be lost in the self realization of love devising, but finally becomes tired and hungry, and has to halt in order to make full a more immediate demand, nutriment. Furthermore, a individual behaviour may unite several degrees. For illustration, eating dinner is both physiological and societal. This hierarchy does non be by itself, but is affected by the state of affairs and the general civilization. Satisfaction is comparative. Finally, Maslow notes that a satisfied demand no longer motivates. A hungry individual may be despairing for nutrient, but one time a repast is eaten, the promise of nutrient no longer motivates him ( Masters and Johnson, 1974 ) . The Hersey and Blanchard theory is extremely popular and strikes most people as intuitively right. McGregor ( 1960 ) nevertheless, makes it the edifice block for the Theory X and Theory Y. Csikszentmihalyi ( 1988 ) continued the tradition with the construct of â€Å" Flow, † a 1990s construct of self-actualization. Empirical research conducted by Hersey and Blanchard ( 1977 ) confirmed Maslow ‘s first three degrees, but has non made farther procedure as it relates to the 4th and 5th degrees of self-esteem and self-actualization. McGregor ( 1960 ) noted that Maslow ‘s hierarchy follows the life rhythm. A newborn babe ‘s demands are about wholly physiological. As the babe grows, it needs safety, so love. Toddlers are eager for societal interaction. Adolescents are dying about societal demands while immature grownups are concerned with regard and merely more mature individuals transcend the first four degrees to pass much clip self-actualizing ( Hersey and Blanchard, 1977 ) . The connexion at this occasion is that external incentives such as rewards, benefits, and term of office, fulfill lower demands. Workers satisfy higher demands by working with others, or acquisition and happening fulfilment in their work ( Rusaw, 2001 ) . As leaders in the alteration procedure, one must esteem that piece of the mystifier each member of the squad brings to the tabular array and validate those endowments. Before the alteration procedure begins, leaders must go familiar with the school betterment rhythm, the phases of the alteration procedure, and alteration theoretical accounts associated with each. Name the alteration theoretical accounts As alteration agents, one must be able to separate between the school betterment rhythm and the alteration procedure, find where the school is located within the alteration procedure, and place appropriate following stairss. Fullan ( 1992 ) argues that in readying for a leading place, the leader must make two things: larn more about the complexnesss of the alteration procedure by reading, researching, speaking with adept practicians, and go toing seminars ; and accept the alteration procedure as a positive experience to be understood and embraced, instead than a negative experience to be feared and avoided. Responses to inquiries of why establishments expend so much clip, energy, and extended resources on instruction are chiefly ideological, grounded in personal belief systems. One can non reply cardinal inquiries about the intents of educational leading unless there is a willingness to uncover the rules, values, and premises land and steer them. These rules form cardinal belief systems about the ways in which one can understand themselves and society and find the hopes for the hereafter. Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) cites businessman Max DePree who states that the first inquiry for a leader is non what are they traveling to make but that it ever is: where does the organisation intend to be. Conversely, it can be argued that should educators fail to see the challenges of taking in the thick of diverseness, they neglect the foundations of the educational enterprise. On the other manus, when they engage in expressed conversations about the diverseness of their pupil organic structures and the relationship of societal justness to constructs of academic excellence and school success, they are taking with moral intent. Leadership requires, as Csikszentmihalyi ( 2003 ) provinces, that one should reflect deeply on one ‘s ain experiences and bedrock values to happen ways in which 1 might step in intentionally with moral intent. During the school betterment procedure, alteration experts such as community stakeholders, module, staff, pupils, should come together as a squad to take alteration attempts. Harmonizing to Maslow ‘s theory, the societal, self-esteem, and self-actualization demands take centre phase. Social demands are being met given that the assembled squad belongs to a particular group charged with heightening something dynamic that will impact the lives of others. The self-esteem demands of the squad will be met as the squad has position and common regard of their co-workers which leads to the following measure of taking action in the accomplishment of the ends. Therefore, it is of import to pull upon the expertness and accomplishments of university module, cardinal office forces, external advisers, professional staff developers, and others. During this pre-implementation phase, treatments are facilitated about the school ‘s history of alteration in order to understand how and why past alteration attempts have succeeded or failed. Fullan ( 1993 ) favours merely get downing the alteration procedure without needfully be aftering every measure in progress. However, it is of import to pull off, steer, papers, and learn from the alteration procedure. Leaderships of postsecondary establishments should larn about the functions of decision makers, module, cardinal office staff, parents, board members, and others involved in functioning kids and young person. All play an of import function in the school betterment procedure. The corporate cognition of such persons is used to organize effectual school betterment squads. School leaders understand and cultivate these functions and the functions that others play within betterment enterprises. To construct coaction within the school civilization, module survey groups and cross-grade or section squads provide clip for collegial work. As a committed and collaborative civilization emerges in support of the alteration procedure, the judge of leaders establishes communicating with and high outlooks of squad members while showing assurance in school staff and the environing community. Once partnerships are formed with parents, concerns, and societal services and community bureaus, attempts are made to consolidate resources to run into a scope of pupil demands. In making high-achieving acquisition environments and bettering pupil acquisition, the leaders select and integrate a assortment of plans to better instruction and acquisition. Last, a set of guidelines are established to implement new attacks to student larning while continually supervising both internal and external measurings for betterment. Drumhead Leaderships of post-secondary establishments of higher acquisition should pull upon the endowments of their stakeholders while using the assorted motivational and psychological foundations to expect, understand and turn to squad troubles as that may originate throughout the school betterment procedure. As school system support is progressively tied to public presentation, leaders should see that public presentation needs to be more loosely defined. Performance measurement systems are to bring forth thrust and communicate alteration. Performance measurement systems that are dominated by punitory inducements tend to hold a counterproductive impact on betterment attempts. Ultimately the end of school betterment should as a tool for those interested in constructing system capacity to run into the demands of kids. An effectual public presentation measuring system is the foundation for measuring plans. The leading squad should ease the development of a comprehensive public presentation measuring system that examines all facets of operations whether it is at the school or in the community. Performance indexs should supply stakeholders with a diagnostic tool, enabling them to rapidly and easy pass on advancement, demands and challenges to their components. Harmonizing to Stephen Covey, leading trades with way and vision. The basic function of the leader is to further a common regard and construct a complimentary squad where each strength is made productive and each failing is mitigated. The key is supplying the context for success in footings of resources, systems and authorization. The function of leader as instructor starts with placing people ‘s mental theoretical accounts of of import issues. No 1 carries an organisation in his or her caput. What we carry are premises. These mental images of how the universe works have a important influence on how we perceive jobs and chances identify classs of actions and do picks. Everyone agrees that leaders need vision, energy, authorization, and strategic way, but I think it is every bit apparent that the ability to animate people, to capture their Black Marias, heads, psyches, and sympathize ferociously with the people they lead, is the chemistry that determines the difference between norm and dramatic success as a leader. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the leader must beat up the squad and take the hill. After all, the qualities of leading are of limited usage unless we do something with them. You and I are so fortunate. When the involvement at interest are the well being and hereafter of our profession, its easy to be excited and full of energy. It merely makes sense to be a airy. It ‘s natural that excellence is a minimal demand. And it is so much merriment to work with others likewise inflicted with a passion for public instruction. When I look around the room and when I think of all the talented and dedicated people I have met this weekend, I know that our hereafter is so in good custodies.

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Human Sexuality - Essay Example There are numerous dimensions to human sexuality. Some are familiar and have been covered extensively by numerous research, studies and academic literature. However, I believe that there are interesting and new variables that are emerging today in our time. This is the main consideration why I have chosen the items outlined in this portfolio. From this perspective, for instance, Sigmund Freud comes to mind first. His interest in human sexuality has been seen as a challenge to the permeating social norms of the Victorian age. He was an agent of change in the field. I think that the social and cultural landscape of the contemporary world is in a threshold not unlike the transition period marked by the emergence of the Freudian school of thought. Then, the rest of the issues outlined here are, in my opinion, the pivotal forces that would shape human sexuality in the days to come. They share the elements of liberalism, technology and the constant challenge to tradition. In regard to my critical analysis, experience and values played a significant part although this is just up to some extent. I have chosen some traditional concepts in the portfolio such as those pertaining to procreation and love. Then, as part of the Western society, I have no qualms about my cultural bias against those who practice female genital mutilation even though I acknowledge that some serious considerations must be given to other peoples’ cultural and religious sensibilities.

Hearsay Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hearsay Evidence - Essay Example "Hearsay evidence can be thought of as:- any statement made otherwise than by a person while giving oral evidence in the proceedings, which is tendered as evidence of the matters stated." http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/hearsay.htm Hearsay evidence is the second hand information that is used as evidence and it does not have any proof of its existence. It cannot be proved beyond doubt, and the doubt always exists even after the judgement. It is impossible to say that this really happened, but even the most brilliant law expert can only say that it might have happened. This made it unpalatable for the use of courts in earlier days. But now the act, looking at the importance and possibilities it holds, has made it admissible. "It occurs when a witness testifies NOT about something they personally saw or heard, but testifies about something someone else told them or said they saw. Hearsay usually involves an attempt to get some crucial fact entered into evidence that cannot be entered into evidence by any other means," http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/405/405lect11.htm In entering this as real evidence, Court will be depriving the other side a chance to process the evidence, by cross examining the witness, or verifying the evidence. There is nothing to cross-examine, as it is a kind of story, compared to other hard evidences, which glorify under solid proof. But there is an exception in the confession statement, where hearsay evidence is upheld. "The most important exception to the hearsay rule is admission or confession evidence. It is generally assumed that a party in a case would not make a statement against his or her own interests unless the statement was true" http://oasis.gov.ie/justice/evidence/hearsay_evidence.html As the confessions are an exception to the rule of Hearsay Evidence, even before the Act, a person stating another person's confession of a crime in the court, had been admissible. Victims of domestic violence sometimes could find it difficult to testify in the Courts for a variety of reasons and the statements of prosecution on their behalf might take the form of hearsay statement, or a secondary statement. While admitting these statements, Court does adhere to a lot of conditions and circumstantial proof. Statements made by the patients to the Medical officers usually are not disclosed as it comes under the priviledged category. But if disclosed, keeping the context in view, they might be admissible, even though it comes under the hearsay evidence category. The relevant rules for the hearsay evidence, are the best evidence rule, the opinion evidence rule and the self-serving evidence rule. Before the Act in question came into being, the rule prevalent was: "A.2.1. The Rule: Written or oral statements, or communicative conduct made by persons otherwise than in testimony at the proceeding in which it is offered, are inadmissible, if such statements or conduct are tendered either as proof of their truth or as proof of assertions implicit therein." http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/about/publications/weighevid/evidence_app_e.htm Hearsay evidence was thought to be untrustworthy, for the following

Reading response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading response paper - Essay Example Indeed, it acts as effective weapon of sexism, especially for women because they live in men dominant society where their personal desires play secondary role to the wider expectation from family and social institutions like marriage. Lesbians and even gays are not accepted and treated with overt and covert violence. Homophobia develops because their preferred sexual identity would make them social outcast and they would be deprived of family, financial aid, safety, community and also stripped of credibility! Most interestingly, as Pharr says, if women even ask for the right to equality vis-a-vis employment, wages, social status, they are liable to be treated as lesbians! Feminism for them is equivalent to man-hater and therefore not acceptable within the broader framework of conservative society. Women surrender their lesbian sexuality out fear and it is time that power and control of social fabric become more equitable. The reforms in the social institution of society must focus on the root cause and not the peripheral issues of women. (words:259) ‘Cat’ by Julie Blackwomon has touched the awareness of burgeoning sexuality amongst girls when they enter their teens. In fact, author has shown that gender differentiation and sexuality among children does not rear its dirty head till parental control become more emphatic and visible. In this case, the protagonist, ‘Cat’ is confused as to why her mother does not want her to play with neighborhood boys. Her insistence to befriend girls of her age, especially one like ‘Sheila’ makes Cat more rebellious. Her adolescence becomes a cause of shame as it would bring in physical changes that would make her gender differences more visible and may alter her relations with her friends who are boys. The author has shown how sexual awareness could challenge social norms imposed by dominant male bastion. The innocent love between two girlfriends gradually turns into sexual awareness leading to lesbian behavior. Indeed, it is very important aspect of our conservative society as it disapproves friendship between genders in adolescents. The restraining environment and parental control may lead girls to experiment their sexuality with themselves as was the case with Cat and Sheila. If children are not forced to segregate in their teens because of the gender, the need to experiment deviant sexual behavior could be averted or atleast minimized. It is important for parents to become more open in their explanation of sex and empower children with information. It would help children to confide their fears and their doubts with their parent rather than explore sexuality in secret and develop preferences which otherwise could have been avoided. (words: 262) ‘Older women: The realities’ by OWL or Older Women League is highly relevant article because it has shown that sacrifices made by women as carers within family are not appreciated by society, especially when they become old. It reveals that in America, women above the age of 65 and above live six years longer than men and mostly alone. Despite spending most of their life in caring for other, they are relatively poor in their old age and live in poverty, unable to support their physical and medical expenses. Due to their family constraints they have lower or no pension, insufficient Medicare and most importantly low social security because they were unable to pay for it during their short employment period. The

COSC9426 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COSC9426 - Assignment Example In this case, it has been installed with interactive software that users can identify with. The phone can be described as a virtue friend to the user as the commands available for the user are form a conversation that is quite fascinating. Apple cell phone has been designed to incorporate various feedbacks so as to manage the interaction with the user. They include audio, verbal, tactile and demonstrations. These features are important as they enhance a perfect feedback system that enhances communication and how the machine relate with the user. The mobile phone design consists of several constraining that determines the level in which the user is restricted at a given moment. In this case, the Apple phones constraint prevent the user from tampering with operating system that may end up crashing the gadget. The apple company has done a great work in standardizing all its products. In this case, all apple phones have shown great consistency in terms of physical features and software. Externally, the gadgets are made up of similar materials while the operating system has been standardized. Therefore, the gadget has exhibited a high level of internal and external

Narrative Writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narrative Writting - Essay Example I’ve lived here for about a year, but I still don’t know all that many people and an invitation to a costume party is unlikely at this point. The only people I know are the policeman and his wife next door and they’re not really the partying type. Then the doorbell rings. Not just the one she’s standing next to in the movie, but the one right behind my head. I almost hit my head on the ceiling I jump so high. The ring is followed immediately by frantic knocking. The knowledge that it’s the killer on the other side of the door in Scream doesn’t help much in getting me to answer the door. My feet are lead anvils and my legs are Jell-O, but some kind of curious invisible hook has snagged inside my belly compelling me to move to the door even while the two hemispheres of my brain argue back and forth about the wisdom of this movement. My right arm reaches to bang on the neighbor’s wall. He is a cop, after all. But the wall we share is on my left side, so it’s a fruitless but valiant effort by the creative side of me to preserve me from my logical curiosity. The ten steps it would take for me to reach the door of my tiny apartment have stretched to a marathon mile and the standard beige carpet has become molasses warmed. I have to walk past a darkened hallway on my right before I even come close to the door. The air kicks on at just this moment and I receive a quick burst of warm air puffing out of the open spaces. It feels like the breath of some giant creature leaning against my neck. The air is stale, I haven’t cleaned yet this week, and it’s full of dust since this is the first week the heater’s been on this year. This hallway reaches back into the bedrooms and bathroom areas. It’s an open hole, a gaping darkness, threatening to swallow me up or concealing malevolent beings, I don’t know which. I’m actually afraid to move across this open space. It just now occurs to me that the cat had

Deforestation In Amazon And Local Climate Changes Essay

Deforestation In Amazon And Local Climate Changes - Essay Example The strong threat of climate change is coupled with another eerie possibility that of absolute regional drought that can be caused by climatic change. Most of the remaining tropical forests of the world are in the Amazon region, and some areas of the forest contain huge deposits of the range of organisms present in a particular ecological community or system. Therefore the continuous deforestation in the Amazon threatens climate stability and is an added factor to the global atmospheric change disaster. Scientific research has overwhelmingly proved that cutting and removing trees from their natural environment contributes 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide out into the atmosphere every year. Clearing forests to acquire more land and more human activities in the tropics will release an additional 1300 billion tons of carbon per year, which is greater than the amount of carbon emissions released by 13 years burning of fossil fuel all over the world. The new research conclusively proves that preserving huge forests such as the Amazon as carbon absorbents will contribute a great deal to stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions. Another important factor is the need to reduce levels of emission as these could slow down the capacity of forests to absorb carbon. Method of Research: An official inquiry was carried out for the way in which deforestation effects climate changes with the help of twin numerical experiments of an â€Å"atmosphere general circulation model (AGCM) with prearranged and approved global sea temperature and the AGCM over the global tropics. The results showed that the twenty first century environmental change may be the most unfortunate bequest that will be passed on to future generations. The strong threat of climate change is coupled with another eerie possibility that of unmitigated regional drought brought about by climatic change. More than half of the remaining tropical forests of the world are in the Amazon region, and some areas of the forest contain huge deposits of the range of organisms present in a particular ecological community or system. It is generally measured by the numbers and types of different species, or the genetic variations within and between species. In fact the Amazon contains about 25% of the biodiversity on the face of the Earth (Science Daily 2007). It acts as a major agent of global climate making vapor to produce clouds, which has a deep circulating affect across the entire globe. It also stores mass of living organisms within a particular environment, measured in terms of weight per unit of area and soil carbon. Therefore the continuous deforestation in the Amazon threatens climate stability and is an added factor to the global atmospheric change catastrophe. On the other hand the stabilization of the deforestation of the Amazon forests would provide the chance for adaptation to climate change including contributing towards the improvement of climate change. To control deforestation in the Amazo n would envisage major replacements in policies, governance, sustainability and economic science. Quantity of Rainfall: Rainfall decreases over deforested tracts, because heavy clouds holding copious amounts of water are only attracted to tracts of heavy forests, which was proved conclusively during the Rondonian Boundary Layer Experiment the physical methods and means that constitute the link between rain bearing clouds and heavy forestation. It has been amply demonstrated that the atmospheric limits over areas of heavy forests is more unbalanced and contains larger

Chicken Ala Carte Essay Example for Free

Chicken Ala Carte Essay Thousands of people die every day due to hunger and malnutrition. This short film shows a forgotten portion of the society. The people who live on the refuse of men to survive. What is inspiring is the hope and spirituality that never left this people. It clearly displayed that hunger and poverty kicks as main problem of the society and some people are too blind to see it. The videography of the film was too shaky and some parts are blurry. This is actually effective for me as for the fact that it is a documentary and it made me feel like I am in the real setting of the event. Another element is the actors in the film. They portrayed their roles truly and they were really convincing which made the film so sympathetic and melancholic. The songs used in the later part of the film also added to the mood. The setting of the film was very dirty and crowded, enough components to represent a place where poverty is happening. The kids in the squatters’ area were also good representations of hunger and malnutrition in an isolated community. The most powerful part of the story, for me, was when the father tapped his kid on his hands, which cannot wait to eat, just because he forgot to pray. This showed me that even though things are getting to worse than expected, we still have to give thanks to Him for we are blessed that we still live this life with His spirit guiding us. It also displayed to me the spirituality of a man and his faith that is strong enough to continue living their lives. Furthermore, this film made me realize that I am so blessed. Many people out there struggle for food while I can easily buy them anywhere I wanted to. I can choose where to live while they cannot because they cannot afford a concrete shelter. These people are the ones in need and we must have time to reach out for them to have their chance of having a life with comfort. In addition, I couldn’t stop myself from having sympathy for those who are on the overlooked portion of our country for they are the ones who deserve to benefit the profit our country has earned. In this kind of situation, you can’t really avoid to demand that those people should be the one our government should be focusing on improving one’s life due to the fact that since they pursue themselves to the politics, it is their duty to serve their countrymen first before anything else. Aside from scarcity, I believe education is also the key to keep away from those kinds of circumstances in life because if you are a well-educated person, you will be aware of family planning and most especially you have the capability to earn money and buy foods in order for you and your family to survive.

Definition aspects of empathy Essay Example for Free

Definition aspects of empathy Essay When empathy is defined cognitively, the construct of sympathy is found to be similar to a traditional measure used for studying the interpersonal sensitivity or perception of a person. This translates to a highly empathic person being skilled at decoding cues related to another’s feelings or behaviour and hence is accurate in predicting another’s feelings or behaviour. This in turn translates to the ability to infer the target individual’s thoughts, feelings and personality characteristics from a variety of verbal and non-verbal cues. Hence this definition and measurement has important applications in areas of processes involving social influences such as teacher-student, physical-patient relationships. Another definition moves beyond the understanding of another person’s emotional state or situation. It emphasises on the vicarious emotional reaction that is occur in the observer as a result of understanding the emotional state of the other individual. Here empathy is a state of emotional arousal that comes from the apprehension or comprehension of another’s affective emotional state. For example, if an individual observes another person who is sad and then feels sad themselves, then the person is experiencing empathy. This can also be translated in case the individual’s emotion is positive and the observer feels similarly positive. Empathy can be experienced over a wide range of emotions. (Randall, et al, 2001) Major Components of Empathy Although there are various definitions for empathy, it is widely accepted that there are three primary components. The components can be listed as follows: (i) an affective response to another person, often involving sharing of the person’s emotional state; (ii) a cognitive capacity to understand and take the perspective of another person; and (iii) regulation of emotion. According to Hoffman, empathy is largely involuntary response to affective emotional cues from the other person. Batson et al (1997) associate empathy with intentional role taking ability which taps into the cognitive resources. These two different aspects of empathy takes into affect depending on how empathy is triggered. Depending on the trigger the behaviour of the observer is automatically mimics the expressions of other, which is the bottom-up processing. Top-down processing happens when the observer uses his or her capacity for imaginative transposing of oneself into the thinking and the feeling of the subject. Both the aspects of empathy are involved differentially depending on the situation. (Decety, et al , 2006) Empathy and Its Use in Health Industry In the recent years, it has been found that empathetic communication enhances the therapeutic effectiveness in a clinician- patient relationship. It also helps in increasing the effectiveness of gathering information in the clinical interviewing process. In medical care, empathy improves the communication and provides several advantages. Some of these advantages are improved health for the patients, better patient compliance, reduction in risk in terms of medical legal aspects, and improved satisfaction among the clinicians. Empathy is the key element that enables better communication. Frederic Platt devised a set of key steps to effective empathy. This includes the following aspects i. Recognising the presence of strong feeling like fear, anger, grief, disappointment and other’s emotions in the clinical settings; ii. Pausing to imagine how the patient might be feeling at a particular point of time; iii. Stating the perception of the feelings of the patient. Examples of such statements are â€Å"I can imagine that must be like.. † or â€Å"It sounds like you are upset about †¦Ã¢â‚¬  iv. Legitimising the feeling of the patient; v. Respecting the patient’s effort to cope with the discomforts and issues; vi. Offering support and partnership for solving the predicaments. This could be expressed in statements such as â€Å"I am committed to work with you to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or Let’s see how we can solve this together. † For other areas such as psychiatrists or mental health personnel, it is important to be aware of the opportunities for empathy when they arise during the interview with the patients. Here it may not be important for empathetic communication as such. The opportunity of empathy arises from the patient’s emotion. This emotion may be directly expressed or implied by the patient. When this emotion is expressed, it provides and opportunity for the physician to respond empathetically. Wendy Levinson studied the frequency of empathy opportunities with over 116 office visits to primary care and surgical physicians. In more than half of the cases, it was found that the patients presented the clues in subtle ways, not overtly. In just 38 percent of the surgical cases and in 21 percent of the primary care cases, the physicians responded to the clues. In other cases, the physicians missed the opportunity for empathy. It is usually possible to find medical clues in the fabric of the discussions about the medical problems. If the physician is busy attending to the biomedical details of diagnosis, then they are likely to miss the opportunity for empathy. Most of the times, the patients are likely to provide the opportunities again, and in some cases multiple times. Once the empathy opportunity is found by the physician, it is essential for the physician to offer a gesture or statement of empathy. The statements of empathy can be categorized into different groups. The key groups are queries, clarifications and responses. Examples of queries can be similar to the questions such as â€Å"can you tell me more about that? †, â€Å"what has this been like for you†, â€Å"how has all of this made you feel? †. Clarifications can have the following forms: â€Å"Let me see if I have got this right.. † â€Å"Tell me more about †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I want to make sure I understood what you have said†. Responses have the following forms: â€Å"Sounds like you are .. † â€Å"I imagine that you must be.. † â€Å"I can understand, that must make you feel †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In most of the cases, the patients express agreement to the statements and confirm the feeling. In case the physician has not understood the patient’s experience exactly, then they can use Hypothesis-Test –Feedback Loop. It allows the patient to clarify their experience and also allows the physician to clarify his or her experience. This allows the physician to reinstate the empathetic statement that was missed in the earlier attempt.

Focus on urbanization within India

Focus on urbanization within India Urbanization or the process of the development of cities is a relative term which varies from country to country. urban being non-rural, that is, no agriculture, livestock and extractive industries, urban area being the area where residents derive substantial amounts of household income from non-rural economic activities focused on a particular town, city or group of cities; and urbanization being the process by which increasing proportion of a countrys people live within urban areas  [1]  . Ironically India is considered less urban as compared to many of the European countries but its acquaintance with urban settlements is extremely deep rooted. Urbanization is not a new concept for India. India has witnessed different phases of Urbanization since the Bronze Age. The first phase of urbanization began in the Indus valley where Harappan civilisations flourished between 2350 B.C. and 1500 B.C. Major towns of this civilization were Harappa, Mohenjordaro, Lothal, Surkotada, Rojdi (Gujarat), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Banwali (Haryana) and Ropar (Punjab). Some of these towns are in Pakistan now. In the ancient period of Indian history many other towns flourished and declined at different points of time. During the Vedic period in the north and the Dravidian age in the South this process of urbanization continued and cities like Hastinapur, Mathura, Ayodhya, Kapilavastu, Kusinagar, Vaishali, Patliputra, Varanasi, Rajgir, Champa, Ujjain, Mahishamati, Nagarjunakonda, Kancheepuram, Puhar, Uraiuyur, Madurai, Korkai and Vanji fourished. In the Mauryan and Gupta periods waves of urbanization gripped Indian subcontinent and then as the law of nature prescribes left the scattered remains that still attract our attention. During the medieval period many other towns and big cities thrived and became cradle of art, culture and civilization. Making new cities with certain distinguished features was the passion that Delhi Sultans and mighty Mughal Badshahs nurtured on a grand scale. New capitals were made that still stand as the symbol of their lost glory. The cities which grew and flourished during this period are Ludhiana, Hisar, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota, Chittaurgarh, Moradabad, Agra, Jaunpur, Ahmedabad, Indore, Raipur, Aurdfcgabad, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Vijaynagar, Hyderabad (Golcunda) and Mysore. Cities like Delhi which had a several phases of development and redevelopment till the time of British is a silent witness to the waves of urbanization that engrossed it from time to time. This practice of renovating the city of Delhi continued after Independence of India in 1947. The British East India Company after its arrival contributed remarkably to the urbanization process by creating three metropolitan part cities of Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) Chennai (Madras) and a chain of hill stations such as Shimla, Mussoori, Almora, Nainital, Darjeeling, Ooty, Kodaikanal, 85 many more. Besides, steps such as introduction of civil lines, cantonments, railways, modern industry and improvements in urban amnesties also strengthened the process of urbanization. Urbanization in India has progressed at different paces due to different reasons. Under the colonial rule it was stagnated due to the oppressive policies of the British. After gaining independence urban population in India has increased fivefold. However, the pattern of urbanization and pace at different places imitates the diversity of the Indian population. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT There are numerous factors, which might influence the urban structure of a country viz. history, topography, natural resources and climate etc. however, when it comes to explaining the location, size and growth of urban centers, economic factors turn out to be the most dominating ones. Historically, urbanization has been viewed as an important factor in the arena of economic change. Urbanization is intrinsically connected and irrevocably enlaced with the development process, as an essential strand in the contemporary economic system. Urbanization is considered as an essential part of a stronger and more stable economy. It helps in improving the living standards the people living all over the world. Urbanization is regarded as synonymous with the economic development. The countries in the South Asia that urbanised most rapidly in the latter years of the 20th century are those with the most rapid economic growth  [2]  . Most of the worlds largest cities are in the worlds largest economies. Cities and towns also have important roles as centres of artistic, scientific and technological innovation, and of culture and education. In the last half a century urban population in the world and specifically in Asia has increased leading to the conclusion that many people are getting diverted to non-agricultural works. Here is a table showing growth of urban population in the World, Asia and India:- We can calculate the average annual growth rate of the urban population to do a comparative analysis of the process of Urbanization all over the world. Lets have a look at the growth rate of urban development from 1970 to 2005. It is clear that India is not lagging behind in the race of urbanization inspite of suffering under the colonial rule for almost three centuries. Moreover we have to consider the fact that India is largely an agricultural country where a huge section of the population is employed in cultivation. This factor not only ensures our self sufficiency in food production but also solve the problem of employment to a great extent. Today India can boast of being emerged as a strong self sufficient nation even after suffering under the colonial rule for a long period. Not only India, but many other Asian countries have established themselves as strong independent nations that can not only sustain themselves but also supply valuable goods to the world. Although most of the Asian countries suffered under the colonial rule till the mid of the 20th century, in 1990, 17 of the 28 largest urban agglomerations in the world were located in Asia. Cities such as Beijing, Bombay, Calcutta, Jakarta, Seoul, Shanghai, Tianjin and Tokyo had a population of close to or above 10 million. Some of these cities even perform key functions in the global economy and are world class cities. China which is the fastest growing economy in the world has the capacity to surpass America and England in the near future. So also India which has registered GDP of more than 8 per year. In the table given below we can get a fair idea how number of metropolitan cities has been increasing in the Asian countries which are classed as third world countries by the powerful European and American nations. The United Nations estimates indicate that at mid 1990s, about 43 per cent of the world population lived in urban areas. With the urban population growing two and a half times faster than its rural counterpart, the level of urbanization is projected to cross the 50 per cent mark in 2005. United Nations projections further show that by 2025, more than three- fifth of the world population will live in urban areas (U. N. 1993). According to Dr. Bhagat, there are three components of urban growth viz., the natural increase, net migration and the areal classification i.e., addition of new towns minus declassification of existing towns. Besides the extension of boundaries of towns also tend to influence the urban growth  [3]  . However urbanization is closely related to the agricultural surplus and industrialisation. Only when the agricultural system was capable of producing a surplus it was possible to divert labour for other activities. Thus, the size of urban population was directly related to the efficiency of agricultural production. Agricultural revolution facilitated more people per square miles than hunting and food gathering societies. Settled agricultural villages led to teleological advances, which further led to the process of urban development. Gordan Childe lists the features, which define the urban revolution. They are:  [4]   a) Permanent settlements in dense aggregations, b) Non-agriculturists engaging in specialized functions, c) Taxation and capital accumulation, Public buildings, e) Trade and f) The replacement of kinship by residence at the basis for membership in the community. With the expansion in agricultural production labour can easily be directed towards other sectors of production viz. Non-agricultural vocations which lead to non-agrarian settlements. These settlements qualify to be called cities or urban areas. The expansion of non-agricultural activities comprise of industrial units. These units offer large number of vacancies which attract people to the cities leading to urbanisation. The urban growth rate is higher in agricultural states like Punjab and Haryana and states like Maharashtra and Karnataka as compared to rest of the country. The agricultural development, better farm productivity, rising farm income and limitation in absorption of labour force, all lead to urbanization  [5]  . The three great socio-economic revolutions i.e. the industrial revolution, the agrarian revolution and the transport revolution, sparked off another great revolution, the Urban revolution. While the industrial revolution necessitated urbanization, the agrarian and transport revolutions facilitated it. The tremendous improvements in the agrarian section helped industrialization and urbanization by supplying raw material and food. Nevertheless, this was not sufficient for there has to be a satisfactory movement of men and material between the industrial centers and other places. Thus, the hinterland of an industrial urban center depended upon the efficiency of the transport system. Finally, large-scale industrialization resulted in large concentration of production facilities and people.  [6]   Industrialization results in increased production and the increased production in turn leads to division of labour. The produce has to be transported from one place to another and put in the market. This requires means of transport, markets, godowns, shops etc. Therefore, wherever there is industrialization, a big labour force is needed.  [7]  In other words, industrialization is considered a very factor for urbanisation. After 1991 India has followed a policy of economic liberalisation. With this Indian economy is increasingly becoming global. With the emergence of industrial passage, the new telecom technology, super highway development and internet exposure, the urban scene in India is going through radical transformation. New job opportunities are opening up in the cities. Multinational companies are opening their franchises in Indian cities creating lots of job vacancies for the Indian professionals. This phenomenon is bound to accelerate the urbanisation of some of the metropolitan cities. However, there is embedded shortcoming in the process itself. Arrival of MNCs as these multinational companies are called, will convert some of the Indian cities into Mega cities but it will not bring a boom of urbanisation in India. Only some of the cities which already have better infrastructure and amenities will benefit from them. Whether we should take it as a benefit or not is also controversial. Because concentration of these units in some cities will create problems of housing, transport, water and power supply sewage etc. As Dr. Bhagat predicts, small cities will remain neglected and they will not benefit from this rapid industrialisation. Therefore, it will not be correct to think that urban growth and rural to urban migration will accelerate in future  [8]  . GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN INDIA With only one tenth of her population classified as urban, India entered the twentieth country as under-urbanized. It was only after independence that urbanization started acquiring momentum. In absolute terms, there has been a phenomenon growth in urban population since Independence. Many of Indian urban cities are can compete with any of the cities in the world. Apart from four metropolitan cities viz. Delhi, Bombay or Mumbai, Calcutta or Kolkata and Madras or Chennai; many big cities like Hyderabad, Banglore, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad etc are attracting attention of international traders and entrepreneurs. During the period 1947-2001, urban population has increased from 50 Million to 285 Million i.e. 27.8 percent of Indias population lives in urban areas as per 2001 census. The degree of urbanization in India has moved from nearly 11 percent in 1901 to about 30 percent in 2001 i.e. approximately trebling, while the absolute urban population has gone up from nearly 26 to 285 Million i.e. increasing by more than 11 times during that period. The tempo of urbanization had not been uniform across different censual decades rather it has recorded uneven momentum during 1901-2000. In India out of the total population of 1027 Million as of 1st March, 2001, about 742 Million live in rural areas and 285 Million in urban areas. The net addition of population in rural areas during 1991-2001 has been to the tune of 113 Million while in urban areas it is 6 Million. The percentage decadal growth of population in rural and urban areas during the decade is 17,9 and 31.2 percent respectively. The percentage of urban population to the total population of the country stands at27.8. The percentage of urban population to total population in the 1991 Census (including interpol ated population of Jammu and Kashmir where Census could not be conducted in 1991) was 25.7 percent. Thus, there has been an increase on 2.1 percentage points in the proportion of urban population in the country during 1991-2001.  [9]   GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN HARYANA The Urban population of Haryana was 52.36 lacs in 2001 and is expected 83.43 lacs in 2011. At present the total population of the State is 207.64 lacs and 28% of it live in the Urban areas which is higher then the India total urban population. The number of municipal areas would therefore, increase tremendously requiring rural areas to be declared as municipal areas.  [10]   SPECIALISED AGENCIES AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Urban Planning and development, and provision of civic amenities such as water supply, and sewerage, prevention of pollution constitute some of the basic functions of urban local government. But our municipal institutions are alleged to be incapable of performing these functions. The state governments therefore constitute specialised agencies such as: (i) Improvement Trusts (ii) Housing Boards (iii) Water Supply Sewerage Boards (v) Pollution-Control Boards to carry out these functions. The specialized agencies or single purpose agencies are set up in addition to the existing urban local bodies to provide a specific service in their respective area. Their presence has been extremely beneficial and purposeful taking into account their contribution in urban development. The study of these specialised agencies, is highly essential to explore the possibilities of analysing their strengths and weaknesses to make them vital urban development institutions. HARYANA URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (HUDA) Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA), a statutory body of Haryana Govt. was constituted under the Haryana Urban Development authority Act, 1977. The authority consists of a Chairman (Minister for Town Country Planning and Urban Estates Deptt.), a Vice Chairman (Chief Secretary to Govt., Haryana), Chief Administrator and such other members (not more than 12 but not less than 6) appointed under notification issued from time to time provided that the number of non-official members shall not, at anytime exceed three. The HUDA has various wings, like Urban Branch, Engineering, Town Planning and Architecture, Financial, Legal and Monitoring. The Chief Administrator at the Head-. Quarters is the overall incharge and responsible for discharging functions of the Authority assisted by four zonal Administrators, posted at Panchkula, Faridabad, Gurgon, Hisar and one Administrator at H.Q. The Chief Administrator is guided by the polices framed by the Authority headed by the Minister- in-ch arge (designated as the Chairman of the Authority) of the Town Country Planning Departments, under Section 8 of the HUDA Act, 1977.  [11]   REVIEW OF LITERATURE The literature on urbanization is available in published and unpublished form. This includes public documents, government resolutions, reports of commissions and committees, contribution in specialized journals, papers presented at various national and international seminars and conference, reports of study teams sponsored by various research institutions both in India and abroad. Datta has discussed the system of municipal organisation, municipal administrative processes, state- local relations, municipal finance, organizing and financing urban development, goals of urban planning, urban economic base, urban land values, urban housing, urban community development and grass-root politics as if prevailed in the Pre-74th Amendment period.  [12]   Sachdeva has pointed out that urban governments have been decaying. Their performance in providing civic amenities has been dismal. Their supersessions have been rampant. Eminent academicians and seasoned administrators in their respective contributions to this compendium of articles on various facets of urban government have analysed the causes of this phenomenon, chief among these being their 19th century structure, erosion of their powers by multiplicity of special purpose agencies, financial scarcity, lack of adequately qualified personnel, political interference etc. They have also made valuable suggestions for restructuring, rejuvenating and revamping the urban Government for rendering them into effective instruments-for grass-root democracy and agencies for development and planning and provision of basic civic services. They all are of the view that the implementation of Constitution (74th Amendment Act 1992) in letter and spirit will hopefully achieve the desired objectives t hrough its main provision of three tier municipal bodies, regular elections, independent state Election and Finance Commission, District Planning Committees etc.  [13]   Goel and Dhaliwal discussed the existing, emerging and future problems faced by Urban local self government and come out with constructive suggestions, which can make the life of the people in the city enjoyable in all aspects.  [14]   Ray in his book A Short History of Calcutta take up the city in legend, tradition and literature, from the British advent, inner structure of the fort, towns and suburbs, its population and the port, as well as its trade. However, the scope of these work is limited as far as the process of urbanization is concerned. They take up different aspects of urban history in isolation and do not cover the pattern and processes of urbanization in terms of variations over time. No attempt is made to underline these factors responsible for change either. Grewal in her articles The Pattern of Urbanization in the Punjab under Colonial Rule and her doctoral thesis on Urbanization in the Punjab is one of the few works done on the subject of urbanization. Prior to this work the studies related to the region have largely been concerned with individual centers like Amritsar, Sirhind, Patiala and Faridkot and have remained essentially biographical and narrative and as such restricted in scope. This work is a comprehensive study in the urban pattern, urban demography, urban morphology, urban functions and urban government. The scope of this work, however, is limited to the developments in the Pre-Independence Punjab.  [15]   Gosals two articles special reference to Punjab are of much relevance for our present study. In the first article the author studies spatial variations in the growth of urban population in each decade and the locational shifts in areas of urban development from decade to decade.  [16]  In the second article he establishes that the development in agriculture develops smaller towns while industrialization leads to the emergence of large cities or metropolitan areas. However, these studies touch the fringe of the problem of urbanization as these do not discuss in detail the urbanization process in all respects especially in southern region particularly, after the creation of Haryana. These also exclude the introduction of National Capital region scheme. The first article limits the study upto 1961 while the other goes upto 1981.  [17]   K. Prabha in her book Towns : A Structural Analysis: A case study of Punjab, find out measures to safeguard the urban dwellers from problems arising out of the growing population. It covers two important problems of the present Punjab state: a) It analyses the structure through the dimensions of demographic, industrial and linkage analysis; b) It identifies the hierarchy of Punjab towns. It analyses the town in area and the town as area. Sharma in his Research work, Urban Development in the metropolitan Shadow: A case study of Haryana has taken up a study of urban development in the town of Rohtak and its evolution with special reference to its growth after independence due to the resettlement of displaced person from West Punjab and its overall effect on the economic, social and cultural life of the town and its surroundings. He highlights those aspects which have been generated by its location being in close neighbourhood of the swelling metropolis of Delhi. This study identifies the linkage that exists between Rohtak and its surrounding areas. However, its scope is limited as it leaves out the study of other such towns in the State of Haryana.  [18]   Sinhas Processes and Patterns of Urban Development: A case study of Haryana is an attempt at analyzing and determining the possible processes of urban development which have been responsible for the spatial pattern of urban settlement in Haryana. It concentrates on population study, urban- rural relations and the working population. It also presents an analysis of physical growth and functional morphological zones of select urban places in Haryana. This world does not co-relate the factors that influences the processes of urbanization and excludes a comparative study of the urbanization in Haryana and Punjab. It also ignores the capital region scheme and its impact on the process of urbanization in Haryana.  [19]   Chapterisation: The second chapter in this study will focus on the Urban policy and Legislation of HUDA. Here we will discuss about the fundamentals of the urban policy of the Indian union in general and Haryana in particular. The formation of HUDA in 1977 through Haryana Urban Development authority Act, 1977 will be discussed in detail. The third chapter is the Organizational setup of HUDA where we will discuss the constitution of HUDA and the placement of different officials in different cadres. The actual physical set up of HUDA will be the focus of this chapter. The Fourth chapter is Physical and financial performance of HUDA where we will discuss about the actual performance of HUDA in leading Haryana towards urbanisation. The fifth chapter is Accountability of HUDA, where we will look at the responsibilities and liability of HUDA. Indian is a democratic country where all the governmental institutions are ultimately answerable to the public or the people of India if we want to use the constitutional term. The sixth chapter consists of concluding remarks of the study and Suggestions regarding suitable measures to make Haryana Urban Development Authority more efficient and accountable institution for urban development.

Literature Supports Children’s Personality Development Essay -- Psycho

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive (Laberge, 2006). Adults, especially parents and teachers, are principal components of these environments and therefore play a powerful role in helping or hindering children in their personality and cognitive development (Morrison, 2007, p. 99). According to Erikson (2007), children’s personalities and social skills grow and develop within the context of society and in response to society’s demands, expectations, values, and social institutions, such as families, schools, and other child care programs (pp. 98-99). Children personality does not occur over night. They learn and experience new things in life and how they relate to these experiences affect their personality. Erik Erickson (1902-1994), is a well-known German psychoanalyst that based his theory of psychosocial development on the premise that cognitive and social development occur hand in hand and cannot be separated (Morrison, 2007, p. 125). Erickson also strived to explain personality growth by describing how human beings respond to potential conflicts at specific periods in their lives (Giorgis and Glazer, 2009, p. 171). He described and explained his eight stages of psychological development, in which the first four of the stages relates to early childhood children. 1. Infancy: Birth-18 months old Basic Trust vs. Mistrust- Hope During the first stage, the first or second year of life, the major emphasis is on the whether the child develops trust. Children learn to trust or mistrust their environment and their caregivers. Trust develops when children’s needs are met consistently, predictable, and lovingly (Morrison, 2007, p. 126); therefor... ... as they grow. The little snail in this book had to learn that being different is not always good. Both books are good for parents and children to share a new adventure in life changing experiences, whether the baby is not the baby anymore, but a big brother or sister or if the young child is not happy about who they are until they see that who they want to be is not what they expect. Literature can provide young children adventures they may never experience in their life time. For those young children, who do experience adventures in their life, they need good age appropriate literature in their lives to show them different ways on how to deal, cope, or function in their life. A child’s personality can be supported and nurtured if they are given opportunities to explore and learn from their environment, whether the learning is exploring or reading a good book.

The Abnormal and Unusual in Othello :: Othello essays

The Abnormal and Unusual in Othello  Ã‚         In how many Shakespearean tragedies is there a noble hero will falls into an epileptic seizure – as we find in Othello? Let us consider some of the more abnormal occurrences in the drama.    In Act 4 the evil Iago works up Othello into a frenzy regarding the missing kerchief. The resultant illogical, senseless raving by the general is a prelude to an epileptic seizure or entranced state:    Lie with her? lie on her? – We say lie on her when they belie her. – Lie with her! Zounds, that’s fulsome. – Handkerchief – confessions – handkerchief! – To confess, and be hanged for his labor – first to be hanged, and then to confess! I tremble at it. [. . .] (4.1)    Cassio enters right after the general has fallen into the epileptic trance. Iago explains to him:    IAGO. My lord is fall’n into an epilepsy. This is his second fit; he had one yesterday. CASSIO. Rub him about the temples. IAGO. No, forbear. The lethargy must have his quiet course. If not, he foams at mouth, and by and by Breaks out to savage madness. Look, he stirs. Do you withdraw yourself a little while. He will recover straight. (4.1)    Epilepsy on the part of the protagonist is unusual and physically abnormal. But the more serious abnormalities in the play are psychological. Iago is generally recognized as the one character possessing and operating by abnormal psychology. But Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes tells of the time when the hero himself approached â€Å"madness†:    Othello himself cries:    thou hast set me on the rack. I swear ‘t is better to be much abus’d Than but to know a little.    And then we find him torturing himself with the thoughts of Cassio’s kisses on Desdemona’s lips, and he reiterates the property idea in his talk of being robbed. From this time on, Othello has become the slave of passion. As he cries farewell to the tranquil mind, to content, to war and his occupation, as he demands that Iago prove his love a whore, as he threatens Iago and begs for proof at the same time, he is finally led almost to the verge of madness [. . .] . (165)    Fortunately the protagonist regains his equilibrium, and when he does kill, it is for the noble reason of cleansing the world of a â€Å"strumpet.

The United Kingdom and India: A Study of Gender and Economic/Regional Cleavages :: India England Government Politics Essays

The United Kingdom and India: A Study of Gender and Economic/Regional Cleavages Introduction The United Kingdom, a former world power and colonizing empire, and India, the second most populous country in the world and former colony of the United Kingdom, share a bond of democracy. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a Parliament consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Similarly, India is a federal state also with a parliamentary form of government. Despite these similar political systems, studies of the individual histories, economies, and political cultures of each country reveal cleavages within each society affecting aspects of the governments such as institutions, voting behavior, and policy making. This paper will address two major cleavages within the United Kingdom and India, gender inequality and economic/regional divisions, and will analyze the effects each cleavage has upon political systems of each country. Gender Cleavages Although the United Kingdom and India include legal equality, or suffrage, for men and women, both countries experience a persistent gender gap including discrimination against women. The United Kingdom distinguishes itself from India in that gender issues affect the population primarily in government and in the labor realm, while India's cleavages influence the government, labor, and social realms. With the efforts of National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, formed in 1897, and the Women's Social and Political Union of 1903 (Bartley 8), women gained partial suffrage as those over thirty were allowed to vote in 1918, and in 1928, those twenty-one and older were included (Shively 111-112). Legislation was not passed until 1970, with the Equal Pay Act establishing that women should receive equal pay for the same work as men, and the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 attempted to curb unfair practices preventing women's equal access to jobs (Makepeace 1). Despite these governmental at tempts to close the gender gap, women share only twenty-eight percent of total labor income (although this has increased from seventeen percent in 1965), and, while women continue to spend more time than men doing unpaid domestic work, women receive only sixty-four percent of men's average hourly pay in the labor market (Horrell 12-13). Further, women are underrepresented in government--they compromise less than one-fifth of the House of Commons (Taylor 1), sixteen percent of the House of Lords, and only twenty-five percent of local councilors (Follett 3). According to Parliament member, Barbara Follett, these few women in the House of Commons must conform to a male culture that is "competitive, confrontational, conservative, conformist, and ceremonial.

Bp Corporate Strategy

This model presents a strategy framework built over variables like surrounding political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects, which actually shape the initiatives ND decisions of any organization In the global market. As far as global oil industry Is concerned; It Is more adequate to state that since offs, the entire Industry Is facing an economic slump due to unsuccessful exploration results faced by all the major oil and gas companies.Furthermore, incidents and naturally occurring accidents (along with their respective costs of elimination) are causing extra damages to this industry which produces one of the biggest daily consumption commodities – oil.. This reflects the significance of product this industry Is producing and providing globally. In this regard, The PESTLE analysis for this particular Industry (with respect to BP) suggests that: 1. The global oil industry has become increasingly politicized in the recent years.More specifically, with the critical position of Middle East and other major oil producing regions, the global investments have increased into the areas of alternative energy sources, suggesting a close figure of USED 336. Bib In the last financial year. And expected to rise up to USED 653. Bib (Perl, 2009). BP has been moving with the trend, and also putting heavy investments in the area of alternative energy. Therefore, with the increase of volatile elements in the Middle East, oil giants including BP are looking for other alternatives to secure their respective businesses. 2.According to Manning (2010) and Arenas (2010) the current financial year has shown an Increase in oil demands, leading towards Increase In petroleum prices. This Increased demand and supply has profited the BP Pl with E. B only In the first quarter of 2010. Further, the dependence of countries' economies on OLL Imports Is also found increasing (extracted from the fact that decrease in the price of dollar increased the global oi l prices) which is an indication that economic factor for companies like BP is always promising, even amid the consequences like Deep Water Horizon (Madame, 2010). . The global oil industry is getting much more criticized (and as a result, regularities) due to increasing concerns of global warming and production of carbon doodle In the environment. For this reason, OLL Industry giants including BP have shifted their focus on exploiting more and more natural resources in order to produce alternative energy from wind, water, sunlight, etc. This shifting is also a result from global media campaign against oil hazards and their other byproducts.As a result, the social aspect of global oil industry is much more worsened in the past few years. 4. With the decreasing resources of global oil and Increasing demands from around the globe, BP along with other OLL giants have been putting much more Investments Into proactively Increasing techniques Walt ten Nell of technology induction. Further more, the recent incident in the Gulf of Mexico has led the technology giant to spend times more in the technology driven safety and regulatory procedures.A reflection of this can be given by BSP recent initiatives like Local and Bridgewater, which are both productivity increasing initiatives led by technology which ensures secure and environment friendly way of operations. 5. This particular aspect has been most challenging for oil producing companies (including BP), which are obliged to reduce their carbon emission rates by 80% by the year 2020. This indicates that BP and other oil giants are under great pressure from external forces to shift their focus mainly from oil and its production. B.Internal Environment Analysis (BP): The internal environment analysis of an organization is a multi-dimensional aspect of business management studies. Internal environment of an organization refers to the culture it pertains, its financial status, its employee relationship with each other and behavior towards business, its strategic approaches, management philosophy and approaches, etc. An analysis of such an environment is never considered to be generalized in its nature, but only taken as a mere reflection of current organizational standing and strength.In this regard, an appropriate tool of analysis is SOOT strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats): SOOT analysis tool was developed in early sass's to evaluate any organization's standing and position as compared to its competitors in the market. This type of analysis is preferred for succinct internal environment analysis (along with the consideration of facts) since its two elements I. E. Key strengths and weaknesses determine an organization's reflection in a succinct, summarized, and neutral manner.Following is the brief presentation of SOOT analysis (based on current facts) for oil industry giant BP Pl: 1 . Strengths: Strong market position. * Increased global production from last financial year. * Increase d product (oil) refinement availability. * Sustained momentum and business growth. * Increased intangible/tangible assets. * Success in exploration projects. 2. Weaknesses: * Inefficient risk management practices (losses in thunder horse project). Decreased revenue and profits as compared to last year. * Decreased workforce as compared to last year. * Increased liabilities as compared to last year. * Decreased business goodwill. 3. Opportunities: * Globally sustained oil demands. New exploration initiatives in countries like Iraq, Indonesia, Pakistan & Jordan. B NT water Ana Local. * Increased demand for LONG (liquefied natural gas) in global market. * Penetration into Chinese oil market through Joint venture with Since. 4.Threats: * Increased global natural disasters. * Decreasing earnings per share trend. * Decreasing market image. * Increasing costs in drilling safety operations. * Global initiatives for replacement of energy sources. C. The strategic options available to the oil company and what they need to follow o remain competitive Market development is used to imply to a strategy of growth in which case oil company BP will attempt to sell the products that already exist in the new Mexico market.The achievement of this strategy is based on the adoption of different ways namely: * Exploration of new geographical markets such as exporting of the products of the company to new countries * Establishment of new dimensions of products * Establishment of new channels of distribution * Adoption of new policies of pricing for the purpose of attracting divergent customers in an attempt of creating new segments of the market.The BP Company has striver to expand the capacity of production through the improvement of its rig equipments in addition to the level of technology coupled with expansions to other countries (Bag, 2007). Diversification Diversification in Oil Company BP is a growth strategy dealing with the marketing of new products in the new Mexico markets and the company will face a lot of challenges in the process of diversification because of lack of sufficient experience in the process of achieving diversification.Oil Company BP therefore needs ideas of expectations and assessing the potential risks that are associated with the undertaking. The strategy taken in oil company BP involves the formation of Joint ventures in the countries dealing with the production and marketing of oils as well as bio-fuels aiming at the improvement of the production capacity coupled with gaining an access in to the non-traditional markets dealing with energy.The company has also initiated an independent business that specifically deals with alternative renewable energy forms that are called the BP Alternative (Insofar, 2007). Entry Strategies Bp Global will use several strategies, which vary in aggressiveness, risk, and the mount of control that the firm is able to uphold when entering this new market. They include the following: Exporting which is a low risk policy in which few investments are going to be made Mexico.Bp global should look for an importer to do a trade of marketing because it may be more difficult for the firm to enter on its own later if it decides that larger profits can be made within the country. Licensing and franchising where by Bp global should allow someone else to use its trademarks and accrue expertise. The associate puts up the money and assumes the risk. Bp lobar should use familiarity and expertise it has gained in one or more markets to provide a working project.It can use help of investments already made in technology Ana expansion Ana snouts De addle to receive netter pronto since tense Investments do not have to be started from scratch again. Bp global should agree to administer a facility in Mexico, using knowledge gained in other markets. It should be able to transmit technology be able to work in Mexico with a different infrastructure, culture, and political environment. Direct entry strate gies where by the Bp either acquires a rim or builds process involve the chief exposure, and has opportunities for profits.The firm gains more knowledge about the Mexico market and maintains greater control, and gains enormous investment All Bp products for example the solar products have some service constituent which include a warranty, documentation, and distribution, this service section is an integral part of the product and its positioning. Therefore, it may be more useful to look at the product-service field as one between very low and very elevated levels of tangibility of the service. Pressures that can be faced by Bp global in Mexican market:Resource boundaries: * core instigate teams can rapidly be assembled, and specialist expansion can be done progressively, creating a large resource gap during the implementation phase Monetary pressure: * as financial targets and expectations can be set prior to launch, any unpredicted market activity and instigate delays can disturb i nitial customer take-up and revenue generation Time restriction: * rapid use can be crucial to avoid increase in market share cost and to deliver predicted financial results Market Segmentation To segment customer goods and service markets, Bp global will use market information that has collected based on definite key customer-, product-, or situation- related criteria. These are classified as segmentation basis and include profile; behavioral (where, when, and how does my market behave? ); and psychological criteria (. Why does my market behave that way? ). The demographic basis implies that differences in causes for buying, in brand choice influences, in occurrence of use, or in susceptibility will be reflected in differences in age, sex, income, and geographical location.The Mexican Market should be inspected for vital differences in buyer attitudes, usage patterns, motivations, values, aesthetic preferences, or degree of susceptibility. These may not have demographic correlative s. Bp global must never suppose in advance that it knows the best way of looking at a market. All habits of segmenting markets must be considered, and then Bp global must choose out of the various methods available the ones that have the most imperative implications for action (Steel, 2004). Having determined the more general segmentation characteristics BP GLOBAL should analyze the Mexico market through the following of ways: Size – employees, revenues, locations Based on volume gallants resources snouts give greater value, Ana teen ten target should be the larger ventures.Job position BP GLOBAL will be offerings positions ranging from managers and cleaning agents for Time related factors Some services in this category are vacation related industries in summer and tax planners in the spring. Language An example off language specific service is a Mexican TV channel. Status in the industry BP GLOBAL can target businesses that are the technology leader or revenue. Accessibility To minimize promotion and sales expense BP GLOBAL can to target urban rather Han rural or local rather than nationwide prospects. Ability to make a quick purchase decision of its products. By targeting individual purchasers versus business committees can considerably reduce BP GLOBAL marketing expense and increase the probability of a quick close in the Mexican market (Palinode, 2008).

HR management Essay

1. Abstract Using a balance scorecard to measure and manage an HR management. 2. Literature Review The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. 3. Research Aims and Objective The aim of this research using balance scorecard is to prepare a US manager to work in the UAE; For us to fully understand cultural and personal behaviors of UAE people. 4. Research methodology The use of balance scorecard to develop and implement performance is based on research online and readings about economy and understanding human behavior. 5. Discussion a. Origin Balance scorecard was coined in the early 1990s but the roots of this type of approach include the work of French process engineers who created the â€Å"Tableau de bord† literally, a dashboard of performance measures. b. Definition Balance scorecard is simply defined as performance management tool 6. Conclusion With its proven performance internationally it is best to used in HR Management.

Is Free Trade Desirable? Essay

The first part of this essay will be aimed towards understanding the concept of globalisation. We will analyse the various advantages and disadvantages that arise as a result of globalisation. The second part of the essay will concentrate on investigating the benefits and drawbacks that arise from the free trade. In order to devise an accurate and informative response to the essay question we must first understand the concept of globalisation. Globalisation is about what is happening to economies on a world scale. Although the idea is not often clear, everyone who talks about the concept recognises that the countries of the world tend to divide into two groups: those with developed economies and those that are sometimes referred to as developing countries. The economically developed countries have modern industries and technologies (the U.S, Japan and the countries of western Europe). The developing countries (most of Asia, Latin America, and Africa) have more lower incomes and large groups of impoverished people, especially peasants. However some countries are in between and have characteristics of both kinds of economies (for example, states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe). The economic interactions of globalisation are fundamentally about big capitals of the developed countries that operate around the world. These are sometimes called multinational corporations; these dominate the economies of the developing countries along with a handful of global agencies such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organisation and the G-7 central banks. The results affect the majority of the working population in the developed countries, as shown by issues like runaway factories, satellite-linked offices and the attack on social welfare programs in the name of the free market. The term globalisation was originally started in the 1960’s to describe  international capital flows. Today however, globalisation is not just capital flow, but a revolution to make individual nations part of a global village, under one legislation. Basically, it’s to remove the distance between countries. As a result, it’s also the restructuring of everything, from politics, to the economy, to make it part of a global economy. The defining characteristic of globalisation is a free market capitalism and trade liberalisation. The consequences of these changed however, have not been discussed and are under heated debate. While some people think of globalisation as primarily a synonym for global business, it is much more than that. The same forces that allow businesses to operate as if national borders did not exist also allow social activists, labour organizers, journalists, academics, and many others to work on a global stage. With the technological revolution, it is now a lot easier to do so. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalisation The existence of trade has always been present between people and between countries. However since the 2nd World War trade in goods and assets has gained a larger significance everywhere. There are various advantages related to globalisation – first the foremost related to trade and investments spreading wealth and linking countries together, however simultaneously there are various negative consequences. Some of the main advantages are: Increased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing countries. Increased free trade between nations. Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Increases in environmental protection in developed nations. There will be a reduction in the likelihood of war between developed nations. Greater independence of nation-states. Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations. There will be a reduction of cultural barrier, increases the global village effect. Faster and easier transportation of goods and people. There will be increased flow of communication allowing vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world. The presence of global mass media will tie the world together. Some of the main disadvantages are: Corporations seek out for the cheapest labour, therefore there will be increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations. There is increased risk of economic disruptions in one nation affecting all nations. Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organisations and average individuals. There will be a threat that the control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. Greater chance of reactions for globalisation being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage. Greater risk of disease being transported unintentionally between nations. International bodies like the World Trade Organisation infringe on national and individual sovereignty. Increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they compete for resources. Spread of materialistic lifestyle and attitude that sees consumption as the path to prosperity. What are some of the benefits of globalisation as put forward by the pro-globalisation movement? At a global level, globalisation has many benefits. For some people, it has been seen as an alleviation of poverty. One such example is the use of labour in 3rd world countries. At world level, globalisation creates hundreds of millions of jobs, not unemployment. These are mainly in the developing countries, but they are only marginally at the expense of jobs in advanced countries. As a result, the extra income would go to food and an improved lifestyle for some of the people living in 3rd world countries. For an example, the Japanese motor industry, Honda is manufactured in Thailand, and the U.S. Nike sports wear clothing are manufactured in China and South East Asian countries. This can create more jobs in the poorer countries and it also helps the wealthier countries. Due to the lower labour costs, larger quantities can be produced at a lower price. According to the World Bank report, it has said that developing countries have experienced high income growth, longer life expectancy, better schooling, higher wages and fewer people living in poverty since becoming integrated in the global economy. Environmental protection could also be pursued at a global level. Where international impacts, international cooperation and technology innovation, each of which is enhanced by the process of globalisation, can significantly accelerate efforts to find solutions. One such example is the whaling in Japan. With the population whales in the world declining, Japan was pressured into a Whaling Ban Treaty. Through this process, the amounts of whales around the world have gradually increased. More fundamentally,  globalisation fosters economic growth, which in turn generates and distributes additional resources for environmental protection. Increased trade and investment also promote opportunities to exchange more environmentally efficient technologies, share good practices, and contribute to environmental capacity building, particularly in developing countries. Green house gasses are one example. Through the Kyoto Treaty, most of the world’s leading nations have signed a contract to reduce greenhouse emissions. Only America and Australia have not signed. What are some of the disadvantages of globalisation as put forward by the anti globalisation movement? In this utopian idea, there are still flaws and disadvantages; mainly concern the developing countries. Some countries are just not able to compete with the cheap labour costs of other nation. The reason why countries such as Russia remain not integrated with globalisation is because they would lose many jobs. They are not able to compete with the prices of foreign products and many of the local manufacturers would begin to close down. Employment, nationally, would decrease as the factories move to countries of cheaper labour costs. Also, Australia has suffered because of the lamb tariffs in the U.S. As a result of this, many Australian farms will become bankrupt. George Bush, though an avid supporter of free trade and trade liberalisation has puts tariffs on lamb to help the ailing U.S. farming industry. Such hypocrisy however, does not help promote the benefits of globalisation. Despite claims from pro-globalisation companies the globalisation helps alleviate poverty, the Oxfam Community Aid Abroad estimates the 60 countries, a third of which are African, have become poorer since 1990. But why? Before some developing countries can join the globalisation market, they have to meet a certain criteria before entering. This might include dismantling trade protection policies and privatising public assets. This would allow rich and powerful multinational companies to buy up everything at a cheap cost, which would leave developing countries without many assets. Free Trade The free trade debate has been a long and very much politicized one since its conception, with people split up into camps such as â€Å"Economic Liberalists† and â€Å"Neo-Mercantilists†. Whether or not to impose a free trade system between countries has caused much fear and confusion within the public. Will free trade be beneficial to all or will it cause unemployment in developed countries? Will it cause entire domestic industries to crumble under the pressure of cheaper foreign products or will it lead to more productive domestic markets and new jobs in booming export industries? Will it lead to a so called ‘race to the bottom’ in which countries compete for the most lax environmental standards and low wages so as to attract investment, or will it increase workers rights and wages in developing countries and encourage better environmental standards for all countries? These are just some of the issues looming the free trade debate. Economic Liberalists argue that free trade would be beneficial to all countries if each country exports goods that it has the comparative advantage in producing, and imports products that they do not specialize in producing. Thus maximizing profits in they’re own specialized exports and obtaining other goods cheaply from other countries. However, as Clive Hamilton observes (2002:61) the comparative advantage theory makes many assumptions that do not hold in reality. Assumptions such as the non-existence of unemployment, perfect competition and the overlooking of implicit cost such as pollution and damage to the natural word make this theory in applicable in the real world. Even so this theory remains the basis for pushing free trade in the global market. Hamilton also stipulates that producing just what appears to be a country’s â€Å"comparative advantage† is not always the route to the highest profits. For example, in the 1950s the percussor to the World Bank advised South Korea to produce what was in its â€Å"comparative advantage†; rice and silk. However South Korea ignored this advice and instead went on to invest in industrial markets like the automotive industry and today is generating huge profits as a result of this (2002:48). This suggests that free trade would lock countries down into producing goods that it appears to have the â€Å"comparative  advantage† in while locking them out from realizing potential in other, previously unexplored markets. Many free trade advocates also put forward the case that free trade encourages competition. Ellig argues that â€Å"By exposing domestic companies to diverse overseas competitors, free trade creates pressure to improve quality† (2000:20ff). This stipulates that the introduction of less expensive quality goods from other countries will cause domestic companies to re-think strategies and operate more efficiently to compete with the foreign product. Thus improving the domestic market for that product. Hetzel also discusses this in his article The Free Trade Debate: The Illusion of Security Versus Growth: Free trade is a major source that drives innovation. †¦the McKinsey Global Institute†¦.compared productivity for the United States, Germany and Japan in selected sectors†¦ For each country, the Institute found that sectors facing foreign competition were highly productive, while protected sectors where unproductive. For example, in Japan, food manufacturing and brewing are protected from foreign competition. In these sectors, output per man hour is only a third of that in the US. (1994:44) However there is a fear that foreign competition may not always be able to be met by domestic firms thus destroying entire domestic markets for certain products. For example countries that allow sweat shops, suppress trade unions, allow child labour and tolerate highly polluting production methods will always have an advantage over domestic markets such as textiles and clothing (Hamilton, 2002:62). This would prove to be detrimental to unskilled workers. Therefore there is a fear that free trade cannot be fair or advantageous to all countries until a set of minimum workers rights and acceptable production processes are imposed on all countries. This leads to another fear expressed in the free trade debate; the so called â€Å"race to the bottom† in which large mega-corporations would move into countries that would allow them to produce their products at a lower cost due to low wages, the acceptance of child labour and no pollution restrictions in production plants, in turn prompting other countries to  lower their minimum wages and environmental standards to keep themselves attractive to foreign investment. Hamilton argues that â€Å"by permitting environmental subsidies a country can gain an unfair advantage in the international marketplace† (2002:65). Hamilton sums up his fears when he states: We frequently hear business groups arguing that Australia cannot afford proposed restrictions on pollution such as greenhouse gas emissions or improvements in working conditions such as shorter hours because it reduces their â€Å"competitiveness† against countries that have lower standards. They often threaten to move their operations to those countries giving rise to pressures for a ‘race to the bottom’. What is needed is a system that applies pressure to achieve ‘minimum safety standards for all workers. (2002:48) This view is countered by economic liberalists who state that lower wages and pollution restrictions give countries only a small advantage in attracting investment. A common view is that the vast technological differences in developed and developing countries would make up for any advantage developing countries have by providing cheap labour and loose pollution restrictions (Hufbauer and Kotschwar quoted in Ellig 2000:22ff). Another view commonly held by pro-free traders is that increased trade with developing countries will create wealth, therefore increasing wages and working conditions in said countries (Ellig, 2000:23). The view that free trade would improve wages and working conditions in developing countries is seconded by Lukas in his paper â€Å"WTO Report Card III: Globalization and Developing Countries†. Lukas highlights that although workers in the export sector of developing countries earn far less and endure much harsher working conditions than workers in the same sectors of developed countries, the comparison being made should be what these workers earn in the export sector, in comparison to other, locally available opportunities. It then becomes evident that employees in the export sector of developing countries are making much more than is offered in local opportunities (2000:7). Another notable point, is that employees of large  developed-country affiliate corporations, while making much less then they’re developed-country counterparts, are also paid significantly more then the average wage of the country they live in (2000:7). Lukas makes a significant observation that â€Å"poor countries tend to move away from labour-intensive production as they scale the ladder of economic development†. For example, South Korea’s textiles and apparel industry constituted 40% of its exports in 1980, however, this figure dropped to 19% in 1993. Today South Korea is more focused on automotive and electronic exports than clothing, and therefore, average wages have skyrocketed (2000:7). Another crucial point raised by protectionists is the fear that free trade will lead to the exploitation of the environment, with developing countries willing to forego their natural resources in order to attract international corporations and investments in their countries. This leads to the fear that developed countries, will fall to competitive pressures and will lower they’re high environmental standards in order to remain feasible to investors, and this win turn, will lead to a massive global environmental deregulation (Lukas, 2000:9). However, this view is debunked by economic liberalists stating that environmental standards make up only a small part of the factors that businesses take into account when choosing a location to manufacture in (Lukas 2000:9). Lukas argues that: Such considerations as guaranteed property rights, a functioning legal system, a well-educated workforce, and sufficient infrastructure figure much more predominantly in the calculations of most entrepreneurs and business managers than do environmental regulations (2000:9). Another important consideration is that businesses make considerable cost savings when using standardized production techniques. Therefore companies usually operate at the highest world environmental standards rather then using different production methods in different areas (Lukas 2000:9). Ellig also states that as peoples income rises (as a result of trade), that they want a cleaner environment, and the wealthier a society becomes, the more it can afford to spend on environmental protection (2000:23). Ellig also cites  a National (US) Bureau of Economic Research study that while studying 109 cities around the world, concluded that a 1% increase in income, leads to a 1% decrease in measured sulphur dioxide concentrations. This suggests that the more a country has the ability to trade, the cleaner the environment actually becomes. Conclusion In today’s corrupt society, it is hard to see globalisation work in a beneficial way for everyone. If it were to work, many of the rich and powerful nations would have to help many of the poorer nations, and not just with â€Å"jobs (cheap labour)†, but use initiatives such as dept reduction or cancellation. Although some good has been done through globalisation more damage has also been caused. A global effort to improve and upkeep the cultural, living and economic standards of every country would be required. Also, powerful nations would have to follow the rules and guidelines set instead of bullying poorer countries to allow them not to follow it. Globalisation is advantageous for the globe, but the world has to think globally instead of nationally. This would be difficult as there are many â€Å"rogue† countries that disagree with the globalisation paradigm e.g. Iraq. The free trade debate is undoubtedly complex and difficult to conclude. The problem being that its politicised nature invokes many fears of unemployment and environmental breakdown. It is these fears that often cloud people’s judgement and forbid them from looking at the problem in a logical objective manner. Would you think objectively if you thought your job was on the line? Although historically we know what protectionism can lead to; the post World War I depressions, the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, all a result of gross protectionism. To contrast this we can be benefits of increased trading in East Asia, with countries such as South Korea, and Singapore. No one can deny that increased trade makes a country wealthier and better off, so why then is free trade, the unlimited trade between all countries, so frightening? Bibliography and References: Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents , 2002 Ellig, J. 2000. â€Å"Why Free Trade is Good for Consumers†, Consumers’ Research, January: 19-23. Hamilton, C. 2002. â€Å"The Case For Fair Trade†, Journal Of Australian Political Economy, 48: 60-72. Hetzel, R.L. 1994. â€Å"The Free Trade Debate: The Illusion of Security Verses Growth†, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, 80(Spring): 39-58. Lukas, A. 2000. â€Å"WTO Report Card III: Globalization and Developing Countries†, http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/briefs/tbp-010es.html: 1-19.